We Can Lose Our Identity When Our Environment Changes free essay sample

An adjustment in condition could make us lose our character somewhat. Everyones personality is diverse to a limited degree because of our childhood and physical appearance. A people name for instance would inform a great deal regarding themselves. The way of life and language they have been utilizing and even the significance to the name is likewise part of a people personality. The little subtleties and attributes of an individual impacts a people personality to a limited degree. Along these lines, how can one lose their personality when their condition changes? This charming inquiry has no straightforward and clear answer. Besides, despite the fact that we are urged to appear as something else and to be pleased with who we are as people, society despite everything has an entire rundown of social standards to withstand to so as to be delegated typical. There is a huge hazy area on how extraordinary we can be so as to carry on socially properly but then have the option to show our uniqueness as a person. In this manner, it is anything but difficult to lose our unique personality and fit in with another character when our condition changes. In this article, I might want to address this issue and furthermore talk about some restricting contemplations on it. Some something worth mulling over would be, is it generally a negative impact to losing our character? Maybe on the off chance that we considered our character a bit of delicate mud being formed through a progression of occasions and even a difference in condition, it could be thought as a positive circumstance. An adjustment in condition can make us lose some portion of our character. There are a few occurrences in the investigation content Growing up Asian in Australia that gives us that it is anything but difficult to overlook our underlying foundations. In one of the individual describes, sticks and stones and such-like was accounted by Sunil Badami who obviously acts out that being a minority permits others to feel progressively better looked at than them. In this way, Sunil encounters extreme physical and verbal tormenting . As he was one out of three Indian understudies in school, he was regularly called names, for example, curry muncher, towel-head, abo. and so forth. All Sunil at any point needed was to fit in and be well known in school rather than continually being focused at for having a hard name to articulate. I couldnt stand it: it was hard enough not having the option to get, not to mention being a darkie. In the event that I couldnt be less dark, clearly I could get a name that caused me to feel less dark? Being constrained by his condition to roll out an improvement of his personality, Sunil chose to change his name to Neil, which helped him to turn out to be progressively preferred by his companions. By changing his n ame, Sunil has adjusted his character. Despite the fact that Neil was only a reference to how his companions were calling him, it caused Sunil to feel distinctive about himself. He could identify with himself being less dark by another name. A name that permitted everybody to see Sunil as though he had a similar skin shading as every other person and could be viewed as having a similar impact as Sunil scouring his correct arm with the floor brush to make his skin shading less unique in relation to the rest. A name is imperative to our way of life as it shows our experience and our way of life which isolates us from every other person. At long last, Sunil at long last chose to return to his unique name after hearing how significant his name was believed to be. Regardless of the strain to pick a name that would have been advantageous to him and to a name that was important to his mom, Sunil chose to regard his moms wishes of utilizing his original name. Also, we can lose our personality in an alternate kind of progress in condition. An article that was distributed as of late about the developing number of youthful South Korean young people experiencing plastic medical procedure communicates the idea that our character is being undermined because of an uprising immature pattern where adolescents are admiring Korean specialists who have gone under the blade . Having plastic medical procedure can be considered as altering a people way of life as their appearances differentiates a people personality. Anyway as expressed in the article, Its normal for center schoolers to get twofold eyelid medical procedure before going to secondary school, its likewise regular to get medical procedure as a secondary school graduation blessing from their folks. We can subsequently lose our personality as a result of society and friend pressure which is a piece of the earth factor. Be that as it may, personality isn't continually being lost when our condition changes. Rather, it could be thought of as an adjustment of character when there is a difference in our environmental factors. In an exceptionally mainstream movement called Despicable Me, it shows a steady change of the fundamental characters way of life as he welcomes 3 vagrant young ladies to remain with him to assist him with finishing his strategic. Despite the fact that the hero was being depicted as an egotistical, presumptuous underhandedness scoundrel toward the start, a steady change was being viewed as he began to have affections for the 3 young ladies in a caring way. Personalities ought not be bound as a fixed structure, however rather a chunk of delicate dirt that presently can't seem to set. Each scene of life that we experience would be the manner by which our character is formed into. It tends to be said that it is just through various exposures to various situations that we can characterize our personality. Despite the fact that, Despicable Me is just an activity, it gives us that our personality can be improved when there is a difference in condition and be identified with, all things considered. Taking everything into account, I might want to express that it is conceivable to lose our personality because of an alternate situation, including peer weight and desires from the general public an individual lives in. Moreover, an adjustment in condition may not really cause a pessimistic effect on character, rather it could be altering the people way of life as personality can be viewed as ever changing as opposed to being restricted in a fixed thought. Year 12 English Identity amp; Belonging SAC Written Explanation Using the rules underneath, clarify the choices you made recorded as a hard copy your Context reaction. My crowd for this piece is explicitly kept in touch with understudies who have needed to leave their nation of origin so as to seek after a better quality of instruction. My motivation recorded as a hard copy this piece is to show that an adjustment in condition doesn't generally bring about losing in a people character and to tell the understudies that an adjustment in condition could generally turn out as a constructive encounter. The language I have utilized is proper for my crowd on the grounds that a blend of casual and formal language since it is a mixture of influential composition and a conventional article. Some particular instances of these language decisions are the place I referenced Sunil in him mentioning to the crowd what the children in school used to menace him with. For instance he was being called curry muncher, towel-head, abo. and so forth My language decisions help my crowd identify with my thoughts by the casual composing style that I have utilized in this article. Through this type of composing, it would permit my crowd to interface better to the exposition and along these lines consent to the focuses I expressed in the article that a people character would not be lost through a domain. I have organized this piece along these lines since it is imperative to hear the two sides of the contention. For the main passage, I have begun by consenting to the point sentence and giving a model from growing up Asian in Australia. What's more, from the second and third section onwards, I chose to present new restricting perspectives which may enable the perusers to have an all adjusted point of view on this theme. My piece draws on the important thoughts of the Context by applicable models from the investigation content which is from Growing up Asian in Australia and the name of the story is Sticks and stones and such-like that was accounted by Sunil Badami. Another model that I utilized is from a well known liveliness called Despicable Me, it speaks to the likelihood that a difference in condition could do someones character great. In conclusion, I additionally referenced an article on Korean youngsters where there has been an uprising pattern to do plastic medical procedure to improve their looks. It shows that the misfortune and adjustment in character isn't expected exclusively to the adjustment in condition.

Humanitarian Intervention Essay -- International Relations, Ethics

The issue of helpful mediation has gotten progressively noticeable in overall discussions with respect to its job in morals and authenticity in global relations. Vulnerability emerges with respect to whether there are any ethical commitment for compassionate intercession and the concerning supports of the infringement of state power. In survey the issue morally and applying Immanuel Kant’s guideline of cosmopolitan law from his 1795 exposition Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay, philanthropic mediation can be set up as a contention between a cosmopolitan duty, which is to ensure and advance human rights in view of their all inclusiveness, and a commitment to regard state sway as an essential reason for good and political worldwide request. Definitely, satisfying one lot of duties can include the infringement of the other in circumstances for instance where governments are effectively manhandling the key privileges of their own residents. Numerous Third World pioneers, beli eve the idea of philanthropic mediation to be conceivably destabilizing for the universal framework, and view it as a reason for all the more remarkable countries to sabotage and compromise their state power (Ayoob, 2004; p.99). By utilizing the United Nation’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) as a source of perspective point, this article will examine the connections between states when managing human rights measures and social contrasts. In inspecting the regulation of ‘the duty to protect’, this exposition will legitimize philanthropic mediation as an ethical necessity of global request by concentrating on that the more extensive network of states must accept the accountability of intercession when singular sovereign states are unw... ...World doubts similar to the West’s control for power, I have advocated the requirement for intercession through the UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948). the requirement for a universal ‘responsibility to protect’. Through a concise diagram of normalized political hypothesis, I advocated philanthropic intercession as an ethical necessity for humankind. Be that as it may, in spite of the fact that the enthusiasm for a state to mediate must be weighed facing the results of the intercession and no close to home motivation from outside states can impact such communications. In finishing up the obligation to ensure incorporates the possibility that sovereign states have a duty to shield their own residents from avoidable fiasco, yet that when they are reluctant or unfit to do as such, the more extensive network of states must accept that accountability as individual residents of the worldwide network. Philanthropic Intervention Essay - International Relations, Ethics The issue of philanthropic mediation has gotten progressively conspicuous in overall discussions with respect to its job in morals and authenticity in universal relations. Vulnerability emerges with respect to whether there are any ethical commitment for helpful intercession and the concerning supports of the infringement of state sway. In review the issue morally and applying Immanuel Kant’s rule of cosmopolitan law from his 1795 exposition Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay, helpful intercession can be built up as a contention between a cosmopolitan duty, which is to ensure and advance human rights due to their all inclusiveness, and a commitment to regard state sway as an essential reason for good and political global request. Definitely, satisfying one lot of obligations can include the infringement of the other in circumstances for instance where governments are effectively mishandling the central privileges of their own residents. Numerous Third World pioneers, belie ve the idea of compassionate mediation to be possibly destabilizing for the worldwide framework, and view it as a reason for all the more impressive countries to sabotage and compromise their state power (Ayoob, 2004; p.99). By utilizing the United Nation’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) as a source of perspective point, this article will explore the connections between states when managing human rights measures and social contrasts. In inspecting the principle of ‘the duty to protect’, this exposition will legitimize compassionate intercession as an ethical necessity of universal request by concentrating on that the more extensive network of states must accept the accountability of mediation when singular sovereign states are unw... ...World doubts similar to the West’s control for power, I have legitimized the requirement for intercession through the UN Declaration of Human Rights (1948). the requirement for a universal ‘responsibility to protect’. Through a short diagram of normalized political hypothesis, I legitimized philanthropic intercession as an ethical necessity for mankind. In any case, in spite of the fact that the enthusiasm for a state to intercede must be weighed facing the results of the mediation and no close to home motivation from outside states can impact such communications. In finishing up the obligation to ensure includes the possibility that sovereign states have a duty to shield their own residents from avoidable disaster, yet that when they are reluctant or unfit to do as such, the more extensive network of states must accept that accountability as individual residents of the global network.

Best Resources For Getting Help With FAFSA 2019-20

HomeFinanceFinancial aidBest Resources For Getting Help With FAFSA 2020-21This page may contain affiliate links.Dec 4, 2019If you’re like many parents, the thought of completing the FAFSA fills you with dread. You may wonder if you have everything you need, or if you’re going to make a costly mistake. Unfortunately, these fears can lead to you to procrastinate, which is the absolute worst thing you can do. Instead, review this complete guide for all the tips and tricks you need to turn in the perfect FAFSA. Documents You Need For FAFSA The FAFSA requires a lot of specific information, so gathering the documents you will need is the first step. Having a checklist for documentation the FAFSA requires makes it much easier to get what you need. All students should have the following information available: Social Security Number (or Alien Registration Number if not a U.S. citizen) Student’s federal income tax returns from the appropriate year Student’s W-2, records of untaxed income, and other earning statements from the appropriate year Student’s bank statements from checking and savings accounts Student’s non-retirement investment account statements, which include after-tax brokerage, 529s, Coverdell ESAs, CDs, and money market Students records of income gifts and other non-taxed income Student’s records for investment real estate An FSA ID to sign electronically In addition, dependent students will need: Parent’s federal income tax returns from the appropriate year Parent’s W-2, records of untaxed income, and other earning statements from the appropriate year Parent’s bank statements from checking and savings accounts Parent’s non-retirement investment account statements, which include after-tax brokerage, 529s, Coverdell ESAs, CDs, and money market Parent’s records for investment real estate, which does not include the personal home Parent FSA ID Having these documents ready to go before you sit down to fill out the FAFSA will save you time and hassle. Know What Year’s Tax and Asset Forms to Use Filing the FAFSA correctly requires you to use the appropriate year’s financial information. Fortunately, this is simple when you use the following table. School Attendance WindowFAFSA FormDate FAFSA is AvailableIncome and Tax YearAssets and LiabilitiesBorn Before for Independent Status July 1, 2020-June 30, 20212020-2021October 1, 20192018As of FAFSA filing dateJanuary 1, 1997 July 1, 2021-June 30, 20222021-2022October 1, 20202019As of FAFSA filing dateJanuary 1, 1998 July 1, 2022-June 30, 20232022-2023October 1, 20212020As of FAFSA filing dateJanuary 1, 1999 Know Your State’s and School’s Specific Deadlines Where you live will make a significant difference in how soon you need to turn in the FAFSA. There are three deadlines to be aware of: Federal, state, and school. They may all be different, so be sure to do your research! Most states want students to complete the FAFSA as soon after October 1st as possible. State deadlines range widely – California requires the FAFSA by early March while Iowa students have until July 1. To find out your state’s specific deadlines, check out the FAFSA site. These deadlines are firm no matter what portion of the year your student plans to attend school. Students who do not have FAFSAs turned in on time risk missing out on much of the available aid. If attendance or schools change, you can work out the differences later. Don’t procrastinate – start the FAFSA right away! FAFSA Help from the Source – The Government The government created the FAFSA, and their help lines are the best qualified to help you work through any questions or challenges you face. Here are government resources to rely on: Federal Student Aid Website FAFSA Help Website Federal Student Aid Information Center: 1-800-4FED-AID (1-800-433-3243) Online chat help from the FAFSA site Remember that these resources will have more delays the closer you get to the deadlines. So be sure to start early and get your questions answered when there aren’t thousands of other parents doing the same thing! Online FAFSA Help from Reputable Sources We’re happy to be one of the premier reliable information sources about college funding. But we aren’t alone. There are other sites who have great information that can be a great benefit to you. Be careful, though. There are scam sites that take advantage of desperate and time-strapped parents as well. Stay away from anyone making claims that are too good to be true. And of course, never give out your personal information. Instead, take a look at these resources: https://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/fafsa-guide/ https://bigfuture.collegeboard.org/pay-for-college/financial-aid-101/how-to-complete-the-fafsa http://www.understandingfafsa.org https://www.khanacademy.org/college-careers-more/college-admissions/paying-for-college/financial-aid-process/a/fafsa-walkthrough These sites, along with Road2College, will give you timely and relevant information that will help you as you pursue college funding. Understand the Pros and Cons of Paid FAFSA Help Time strapped? Don’t want to deal with the paperwork? We get it. There are services available that can help you fill out the FAFSA for a fee. Like all paid services, there are pros and cons to consider. Reasons Not to Pay Keep in mind that the FAFSA form is free, and any money you spend to have it filled out takes away from money that could be used for college or other bills. There are a lot of free resources that can help you. But theres also nothing wrong with deciding to pay for help with the process. Filing your tax returns are free too, but many people purchase software, use tax processing services, and hire accountants. Why Youd Hire Help If you’re really strapped for time, it may be worth it to you to pay someone to do the paperwork. This is especially true if paying for the help allows you to turn in the FAFSA much more quickly than doing it yourself. If you’re using a college aid planner or financial professional, they may be a good resource for completing the FAFSA. You can also find reputable help through the government’s FAFSA website or college financial aid office. Think of it like paying for tax preparation. Don’t pay a fee for a website where you still have to enter all the relevant information – it’s the same as doing it yourself. Remember that you’re paying someone to fill out paperwork with your personal information, so choose someone you trust and don’t overpay. Involve Your Student Having your student be a part of the FAFSA process can be very educational and eye-opening for them. The sooner you can expose a young person to the financial realities of education, the better. If they are aware of how much goes into it, they may take their schooling more seriously. Being aware of how financial paperwork is handled and what is required will help your child prepare for financial decisions during and after college. Protect Your Information When filling out the FAFSA, you’re sharing a lot of personal financial details. If these fall into the wrong hands, the results can be disastrous. Some systems that parents use to automatically transfer tax information to the FAFSA have been hacked in the past. Changes have been made to make these systems more secure, but they no longer allow you to review or change information. To ensure that everything is correct on the FAFSA, the best approach is to use your copies of W2s and tax returns yourself. It’s a bit more time intensive, but it’s more secure and accurate. Have Backup Information About 30% of FAFSA filers are selected to verify their information. To make sure you’re ready if it happens to you, order a tax transcript for every year of taxes you use in the FAFSA application. The more quickly you complete the verification, the more quickly aid will be awarded. You can get transcripts on IRS.gov, by calling the IRS at 800-908-9946 and using the automated prompts, or with the IRS2Go mobile phone app. You can also mail in IRS Form 4506T-EZ to request transcripts by mail or fax. Consider Attending a FAFSA Workshop An online workshop or webinar is another way to discover valuable information about the FAFSA. Several organizations do informational webinars throughout the year. You can find these by searching for â€Å"FAFSA Webinars.† You can also register for our FAFSA Walk-Through with Luanne Lee, a College Planning Specialist we partner with: The online workshop will help get you prepared to fill out the FAFSA by making sure you have all the necessary paperwork, review how to obtain your FAFSA ID and answer questions related to divorce, untaxed income, and other common situations that may trip people up. The workshop will also walk through the actual FAFSA form so youll know what to expect. We want you to be financially prepared for the upcoming school year. Dont procrastinate!

Criminology And Sociology Criminology - 1296 Words

Summary of Criminology and Sociology: Criminology is concerned with examining the complex issues of crime and criminality to find its underlying causes. To do this criminology primarily aims to achieve answers as to why crime occurs; who is committing said crimes and how society as a whole will respond to crime with regards to policy changes and its place in the media (Australian Institute of Criminology: 2015). Sociology is the scientific study of human social interactions in a societal context (Calhoun, 2002). As sociologists study anything human related they can examine anything from the smallest interactions between everyday people to vastly complex international or multinational relationships. Within this they attempt to understand†¦show more content†¦Feminist criminological theory examines the inability of current criminological methods/theories of crime to examine female criminal offending, victimisation and impact of the criminal justice system (McLaughlin Newburn: 2010). Females will be unable to be properly viewed under criminology until; criminological theories created specifically for females are created. The current theories only look at male offending and these theories are often inapplicable to women as there is a generalisability problem. Additionally most women participate in very different types of criminal activity than men, that often are directly influenced by their sex, such as infanticide, prostitution, child abuse, etc. (Gilfus, 1975). Interactionism is a micro-sociological perspective used in sociology that theorises that concepts used to categorize people do not actually exist, but are social constructions. Thus, females and males are given â€Å"feminine† or â€Å"masculine† traits based on what society views as masculine or feminine and emerge through interaction with others, and are often based upon biological sex (Denzin, 1993; Deutscher and Lindsey, 2005:5). Gender roles are designed for males and females separately, but they permit interactions between the sexes, although these interactions are negative to a well balanced view of self as humanity calls each other the â€Å"opposite sex† we tend to behave accordingly, which segregates us further from each other

ION Transport in Higher Plants-Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the ION Transport in Higher Plants. Answer: Introduction The natural environment has many causes of salinity. Higher plants endure salinity, at the seashores and estuaries where the salt water and fresh water meet. Furthermore, water is moved from the soil via translation and evaporation therefore leading to concentration of salts in the soil. The salinity affects cells of higher plants (Zeigar Lincoln, 2009). The literature review examines the regulation of sodium, chloride and potassium transport in higher plants. Furthermore, it illustrates use of Goldmans equation to calculate multiple ion concentrations or E values. In addition to that, it explains the role of chemiosmosis theory, ABC transporters, potassium channels, H+ ATP ases and the electrogenic ion pumps in ion transport. Saline soils have a higher concentration of sodium, chloride, potassium ions. High concentration of saline soils injures plants and degrades the structure of soils therefore decreasing the permeability of water and soil porosity (William, 2014). Incursion of salts into the soil causes deficits of water in leaves and prevents metabolism and growth of plants. Furthermore, high concentrations of sodium and chloride ions denature proteins and destabilize membranes (Dietrich, Kusker Beker , 2010) Regulation of potassium transport in plants. Potassium is an essential micronutrient in higher plants. It plays an important role in plant physiological processes such as plant growth and development. The concentration of potassium ions in plants is generally low and it is ever fluctuating. Plants perceive the external changes in K+ ions and generate physical and chemical signals in the cell. The signals can be moved across the plasma membrane into the cytosol. Consequently, this regulates downstream targets especially the K+ transporters and channels. Therefore, homeostasis due to potassium ions in the plant cells is modulated hence facilitating the adaptation of plants to K+ deficient conditions (Eduardo et al., 2014). Regulation of sodium and chloride ions in plants. Every plant takes up sodium ions from the environment when exposed to salinity conditions; sodium is distributed within the cells, tissues, and organs once it is in the symplast. It can lower the water potential of the cells once it is in the symplast. However, it can also pose some toxic effects to the cells (Frans Maathus, 2014). Therefore, the regulation of sodium ions is important to the plant (Swarrendo Usha, 2016). Several regulatory mechanisms have been developed depending on the signaling of calcium ions, cyclic nucleotides, hormones, reactive oxygen species, or the transcriptional and post translational changes in the gene and expression of proteins (Bob, Wilhelm Russel, 2015). The mechanisms of sodium ion transport in higher plants are similar. Na+ gain entry into the cell through several channels within the plasma membrane. As the sodium ions within the cytoplasm get to toxic levels above the threshold level, it is forced through the Na+/H+ antiports in the plasma membrane, which are energized by proton gradients. Furthermore, Na+ in the cytoplasm can be compartmentalized by antiports in vacuolar Na+/ H+. The transporters use energy provided by the proton gradient, it is created by H+ -PPiase and the vacuolar H+ ATP ase. This is the regulation of sodium ions by the higher plants (Rusells, Helen Howard, 2012). Use of Goldmans equation to calculate multiple ion concentrations or E values. The Goldmans equation is used in plant physiology to determine the potential of a membrane when there is no flow of ions from one side of the membrane to the next. The equation is named after Alan Lloyd, Bernard Kartz, and David Goldman of Columbia University (Verma, 2009). The following is the Goldmans equation for monovalent ions. The Goldmans equation determines the resting potential of the membrane. Vmis the membrane potential. The main contributors to the membrane potential are K+, Na+, and Cl- ions. The Vm is measured in Volts. When the ion channels are closed, the relative permeability is zero. For instance, if K+ channels are closed, PK= 0 (Verma, 2009). The universal gas constant is represented by letter R. The constant is normally (8.314 J.K-1.mol-1).The temperature is represented by letter T. The SI unit for temperature is Kelvin. The Faradays constant is represented by letter F, the constant is (96485 C.mol-1). The potassium ions permeability value for the membrane is denoted as pK. However, permeability values lack a unit. Moreover, the permeability value for potassium ions has a reference value of 1, because in most living cells the permeability value for potassium is higher that of sodium and chloride ions (Verma, 2009). The relative membrane permeability value for sodium ions is denoted by pNa. The relative membrane permeability value for chloride ions is denoted by pCl. The concentration of potassium ions in extracellular fluids is denoted as [K+]o. The concentration of potassium ions in intracellular fluid is denoted by [K+]i.The concentration of sodium ions in extracellular fluids is denoted by [Na+]o. The concentration of sodium ions in intracellular fluids is denoted by [Na+]i.The concentration of chloride ions in extracellular fluid is denoted by [Cl-]o. Finally, the concentration of chloride ions in intracellular fluid is denoted by [Cl-]I (Verma, 2009). The Gold mans equation calculates the membrane potential obtained through relative permeability values and concentration gradient values of the ions. Furthermore, open channels need to be available. The magnitude of permeability for a particular ion can be physiologically regulated and this determines the contribution of that ion to the membrane potential. Translocation of an ion down the electrochemical gradient results into the movement of the membrane potential to its equilibrium potential. Therefore, the larger the permeability of a particular ion results into a large contribution of the ion of the membrane potential (Conde, Manuela, Geros, 2011). Chemiosmosis theory Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semi permeable membrane via diffusion Ions transported include, Cl- or Na +. Movement of ions in chemiosmosis occurs down an electrochemical potential gradient (potential energy). Chemiosmosis is a type of diffusion, therefore, movement of ions across a membrane occurs from a region of high ion concentration to a region of low ion concentration (Hanson, 2007). Functions of chemiosmosis Chemiosmosis is important in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the main molecule used in the production of energy in the cell.ATP is produced via cellular respiration in eukaryotic mitochondria. NADH molecules and FADH2 are first derived from the citric acid cycle; electrons are then moved to an electron transport channel that releases energy. The energy released allows for the movement of protons (H+) down a protein gradient through chemiosmosis (Walter, 2010). Consequently, the enzyme ATP synthase produces ATP. Proton flow down the concentration gradient turns the ATP synthase rotor and state therefore making it possible for a phosphate group to link up with adenosine diphosphate (ADP).Therefore, ADP is formed. ATP production during respiration is known as oxidative phosphorylation.ATP is finally created through phosphorylation of ADP via glucose (Walter, 2010). Aerobic respiration Chemiosmosis plays a vital role in ATP production; the process enables living organisms to produce their energy. Dr. Peter D. Michelin first formulated the idea of ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis in 1961. Michelin was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize due to the contributions to Chemistry in 1976 (Heldt Bridgit, 2010). Example of chemiosmosis It is involved in transport of H+ ions across the cell membrane during ATP production. The most common type of chemiosmosis is production of ATP in cellular respiration. Eukaryotic organisms have a mitochondria. However, bacteria and archaea lack mitochondria, they also produce ATP during chemiosmosis via phosphorylation. The process has an electron transport chain. However, it takes place across the inner membrane of the microorganisms, since they lack mitochondria. Plants are involved in chemiosmosis via the production of ATP during photosynthesis (Caroline, Martin Alyson 2008). ABC Transporters They consist of several subunits divided into transmembrane proteins and ATP ases. ATPase subunits use ATP energy obtained from hydrolysis. Furthermore, they provide energy used in the uptake or retake of substrates across membranes (Cornelia Alexis, 2017) ABC transporters belong to the ABC super family depending on organization and sequence of their ATP binding cassette domains. It can be noted that integral membrane proteins may have evolved several times on their own; therefore, they have different protein families.ABC uptake porters transport a wide variety of biosynthetic precursors, nutrients, vitamins and trace metals while exporters transport sterols, lipids, drugs and a wide variety of metabolites (Cornelia Alexis, 2017) Functions of ABC transporters ABC transporters utilize ATP energy from hydrolysis. They are divided into three functional categories; importers allow for the transport of nutrients such as amino acids, ions, peptide sugars, and other hydrophilic molecules into the cells. Eukaryotes lack the importers .Exporters act as pumps that remove toxins from the cell. Exporters transport lipids and other polysaccharides from cytoplasm to periplasm in Gram-negative bacteria. The other group of ABC transporters is involved in the repair process of DNA and translation (Birgt, 2011). Plant ABC transporters ABC transporters are categorized into 13 subfamilies depending on their sizes, the overall amino acid sequence, and orientation. The largest subfamily is the P- glycoproteins that has 22 members. ABC transporters have the B subfamily that is found on the plasma membrane. In addition to that, they are heterologously expressed in E coli, Schizosaccharomyeces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisae to determine the specificity of a substrate. ABC B transporters move phytohormone indole -3 acetic acid (IAA) or auxin. This hormone is an important regulator of plant growth and development (Birgt, 2011). Potassium ions channels. They are found in all living organisms. In addition to that, they form selective pores that are potassium selective in the cell membrane. Moreover, they are found in many types of cells and control a variety of functions in plants (Carraretto et al., 2015). Function of potassium channels They conduct potassium ions down the electrochemical gradient. This transport of ion occurs either rapidly to the rate of diffusion of potassium ions in bulk water or selectively by excluding sodium. Potassium channels set and reset the resting potential in cells. They regulate cell processes such as hormone secretion (Dreyer Uozumi, 2011). Types of potassium channels. Potassium channels are divided into four classes. First, are the potassium channels that are calcium activated. They open or close depending on the presence of calcium ions. Second, are potassium channels that are inwardly rectifying, these pass current easily in an inward direction into the cell. Third, are known as tandem pore ions. They open constitutively and they have a high basal activation. Fourth, are the voltage gated potassium channels that open or close depending on the response of transmembrane voltage (Conde, Manuela Geros, 2011). Regulation of potassium channels. Two processes regulate the flux of ions via potassium channel pores, the processes include inactivation and gating. The opening or closing of a channel in response to external stimuli is known as gating. When a current from an open channel is stopped and the channel inhibits conducting, this is known as inactivation. The two processes regulate conductance of potassium channels(Vanessa, C., Teardo, E., Elide, F. Elizabeth, 2013). Potassium channel blockers These blockers stop the flow of potassium ions through the channels. They compete with the binding of potassium within the selectivity filter or they bind outside the filter to stop conduction of ions. An example is the ammonium ions, which bind at the central cavity of the channel or the extracellular face. Potassium ion channels can also be blocked by barium ions that bind with a high affinity in the selectively filter (Carraretto et al., 2015). Plasma membrane H+ATP ases (P- Type). This is a protein that belongs to the hydrolase family, especially hydrolases that act on acid anhydrides. The enzyme catalyzes movement of substances across the transmembrane. The protein is a member of the P type ATPase family. The enzyme belongs to the ATP phosphohydrolases class also referred to as H+ exporting. The protein has several other names such as proton ATPases or a proton pump (Yang, 2016). Functions of H+ ATPase / proton pumps. The proton pump creates an electrochemical gradient in plasma membranes of fungi, plants, protists or prokaryotes. Proton gradients that are created drive secondary transport processes. Therefore, this is very important for the uptake of metabolites and plant response to the external environment (Vadim Frans, 2010). The H+ATPases are specifically for protists, fungi and plants while Na+ , K+ ATP ases are concisely meant for animal cells. The two groups of P- type ATP ases perform complementary functions in plants and animal cells. Nevertheless, they do not belong to the same subfamily, their function includes creation of an electrochemical gradient that is used as source of energy for secondary transport (Vadim Frans, 2010). Structural studies of proton pump H+ ATPases are scarce. The only structural information available for the fungal H + ATPase is from Neurosporacrassa, it includes low-resolution2D H+ ATP ase crystals. Structure of Arabidopsis thaliana is available for the plants. The crystal structure of the plasma membrane H+ ATP ases is obtained from 3D crystals. The crystals have a resolution of 3.6A. The structure identifies three cytosolic domains that correspond to the nucleotide binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and actuator (A) domains (Vadim Frans, 2010). Moreover, the structure shows the ATP ase to exist in a quasi-occluded E1 state. The catalytic unit fold reveals structural similarity of a high degree to the SR Ca2+ ATP ase and Na+ K+ ATP ase. The domain arrangement is similar to SR Ca 2+ ATP ase (Vadim Frans, 2010). Regulation Regulation of the activity of PM H+ ATPase is very important to the plant. Over expression of the protein is compensated by the down regulation of activity. The removal of an isoform demands compensation by redundancy and augmented activity of other isoforms through increasing post-translational modifications. Auto inhibition of the PM H+ ATP negatively regulates activity of the pump .Therefore, it deactivates the enzyme into a low activity state, in this state, ATP hydrolytic activity is partially uncoupled from ATP hydrolysis. The auto inhibition is achieved in terminals of the protein. Communication between the two termini allows for the control of the pump activity. The PM H+ ATP as is the first ATP ase in which both C and N termini takes part in regulating protein activity (Carraretto et al. 2015). Physiological roles in plants The plasma membrane ATP ases are found all over the plant. Nevertheless, some plant cells have higher concentrations of PM H+ ATP ases. These types of cells are used in active transport. Furthermore, they also accumulate solutes from the external environment. Studies on the roles of these proteins were formulated from genetic research studies on the Arabidopsis thaliana , a multigene family with 12 different ATP ase genes (Birgt, 2011). H+ ATP ases are involved in some important physiological processes such as loading of the phloem: The phloem tissue transports organic compounds over a long distance. Furthermore, it transports sugar from the leaves to other regions of the plant. H+ ATP ases power the transport of sugar via the sucrose / H+ transporters. In addition to that, it is very important in loading sucrose to the phloem (Birgt, 2011). The second function is the uptake of solids by the roots. H+ ATP ase provides energy for the uptake of solid nutrients from the soil into the roots. Furthermore, it is involved in loading of solutes into the xylem that are used in transport of micronutrients and water ( Birgt, 2011). The third function is in tip-growing systems. Root hairs and pollen tubes are good examples of tip growing systems in plants. In these systems, the cell only grows in one direction, a direction that is controlled by a proton gradient. The protons go through the extreme tip and they are pumped out just below the tip ( Laurence, Xavier Adain, 2003). The ATPase affects the size of aperture in stomata. The pore of a stomata controls Carbon dioxide diffusion into the leaves during photosynthesis. Two guard cells from the pore control size of the stomatal pore. They swell as they respond to the activity of H+ ATP ase. Opening or closing of the pore is controlled partially by regulating H + ATP ase (Hamilton, Schlegel, Haswell, 2016). Movement of organs in a plant is controlled by motor cells that change the cell turgor. (Wang,et al., 2015). The movements of organs include solar tracking to increase orientation of leaves to photosynthesis, and reactions of some plant parts in plant species such as the carnivorous plants. The process of swelling and shrinking takes place via large fluxes of water and ions (Francis Xavier, 2017). The activation of H+ ATPase leads to the hyperpolarization of plasma membrane and opening of potassium channels that are voltage sensitive. The influx of K+ leads to the uptake of water and increase in turgor (Birgt, 2011). The next function is osmotolerance and salt. The salt conditions are stressful to the cell; the first stress is loss of turgor because of hypertonicity of the extracellular medium. Next, is the effect of toxic ions on metabolism. Plants have therefore developed defense mechanisms against the effects of salinity. When a plant is facing salt stress, Na/ H+ antiporter is engaged, it is powered by the H+ ATP ase action (Birgt, 2011). Electrogenic ion pumps These are primary active transporters, which hydrolyze ATP. Furthermore, they use the energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP to facilitate ion transport across biological membranes. Consequently, net charges are transported across membranes. An example of such a pump is the Na+ /K+ ATP ase also known as the sodium pump.It transports three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into cells during each transport cycle. Therefore, it leads to movement of a net positive charge out of the cell therefore making the process electrogenic (Frans Maathus, 2014). Higher plant cells have vacuoles that play a vital role in homeostasis. High energy metabolites pump protons into the vacuole thus establishing a proton electrochemical gradient that allows for the transport of ions. Regulation of potassium, sodium and chloride ions in plant cells is important for growth and development. Furthermore, chemiosmosis is a form of diffusion that enables the transport of ions from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Ions in plant cells need to be regulated in order to attain homeostasis and allow for better growth. References: Birgt, P. (2011). Plant Biochemistry. (4th ed.). New York: Elsevier. Bob, B., Wilhelm, G., Russel, L. (2015). Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of plants. New York: Wiley and Sons. Caroline, B., Martin, S., Alyson, T. (2008). Plant Biochemistry. (1st ed.). New York: Garland Science. Carraretto, L., Teardo, E., Vanessa, C., Govani, F., Noboyuki, Y. Ildiko, S. (2015). Ion channels in plant Bioenergetic Organelles, Chloroplasts and Mitochondria; From Molecular Identification of Function. Cell Press Partner Journal, 9(4), 371-395. Conde, A., Manuela, C. Geros, H. (2011). Membrane Transport signaling in plant Adaptation to environmental stress. Plant Cell Physiology, 152 ( 9), 1583-1602. Cornelia, E. Alexis, A. (2017) Ion transport at the vacuole during stomatal movements. American Society of Plant Biologists, 174 (2), 520-530. Dietrich, P., Kugler, A., Beker, D. (2010). Physiology and biophysics of plant ligand gated ion channels. Plant Biology, 12, (1), 1027-1065. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00362.x Dreyer, L., Uozumi, N. (2011). Potassium channels in plant cells. FEBS Journal, 278 (22), 4293 303. Eduardo, Z., Taiz, L., Mollar, M., Murphy, A. (2014). Plant Physiology and Development. 6th Edition. London: Sinaur Associate, Inc. Francis, T., Xavier, D. (2017). Root water uptake and ideotypes of the root system ;whole plant controls matter. Vadose Zone Journal, 16 (9), 13-56. Frans, J., Maathus, J. (2014). Sodium in plants: perception, signaling, and regulation of sodium fluxes. Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 65(3), 849- 858. Hamilton, E., Schlegel, A. Haswell, E. (2016). United in Diversity Mechanosensitive Ion channels in Plants . Annual Review of Plant Biology, 10(46), 1011-1046. Heldt, W., Bridgit, P. (2010). Plant Biochemistry. (4th ed.). New York: Academic Press. Rusells, L., Helen, O., Howard, T. (2012). The Molecular Life of plants. New York: Wiley-Blackwell. Swarrendo, R., Usha, C. (2016). Role of sodium Ion transporters and osmotic adjustments in stress alleviation of Cynodondactylon under NaCl treatment. Protoplasma, 255 (1), 175- 191. Vadim, D., Frans, J. (2010). Ion channels and plant stress responses. (1st ed.). Berlin: Springer. Vanessa, C., Teardo, E., Elide, F., Elizabeth, B. (2013). Regulation of photosynthesis by ion channels in cyanobacteria and higher plants. Retrieved from, https://www.elsevier.com/locate/biophyschem. Verma, C. (2009). Plant Physiology. (2nd ed.).New Delhi: ANE Books. Walter, H. (2010).Plant Biochemistry. 4th (ed.). Frankfurt: Academic Press. Wang, X., Jiana, P., Geng, S., Wang, S., Shi, D. (2015). Physiological Strategies of sunflower exposed to salt or alkaline stresses. Restriction of Ion transport in the cotyledon Node Zone and Solute Accumulation. Agronomy Journal, 107(6), 2181-2192. William, P., Lana, S., Michael, B., Rosanee, G., Jayakumar, B., Sergey, S. (2014). Ion transport in broad bean leaf mesophyll under saline conditions. Planta, 240(4), 279-743. Yang, C. (2016). Adaptive plant physiology in extreme environments. Journal of Plant Physiology, 194 (1), 1-72. Zeigar, E., Lincoln, T. (2009). Plant Physiology. (5th ed.). New York: Saunders.

Marketing Essay Example

Marketing Essay Assignment 01.Instructor: Miss Nida Aslam khanPrinciples of Marketing Syed Aun Rizvi Mohammed ShehmirMaaz Shahid| The Pakistani brand we have selected is â€Å"OMORE ICECREAM†. The Company that produces it is Engro Foods Limited. COMPANY Engro foods are among the biggest and fastest growing conglomerates in Pakistan with a vision to cater to local needs with the products conforming to global standards. Highly passionate about millions of people across the lengths and breadth of Pakistan and beyond with the ultimate brand experience, its product comprises some of the country’s biggest and best selling brands including Olpers, Omore Ice-cream, Omung Lassi, Dairy Omung and Tarang. Engro Foods Limited was officially launched as a fully owned subsidiary of Engro in 2004. Using dairy as a stepping stone to enter into the food business, the company has established state of the art processing unit in Sukkur and Sahiwal, along with the ice-cream production facility in Sahiwal. MARKETING STRATEGY FOR THE OMORE We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Omore ice-cream was launched in March formally on April 6 2009 in eight cities and towns, started with 24 different formats and flavors. It is a brand that seeks to cater a wide range of consumer groups and taste palettes. Omore Ice-cream has a high quality and eye catching packaging and the packaging is colorful and beautiful which attracts children. They promote ice cream through advertising such as vehicle advertising, billboards, point of displays and television ads which are very attractive. When Omore ice-cream was introduced, for marketing, flyers were thrown in different housing communities using airplanes. They also have a slogan for joy and happiness â€Å"Art of Happiness† and have associated their brand with rituals, celebrations like basant, mela etc. they also market their products at face book, twitter etc to link their brand with customers. Omore ice-cream is available in large, small bakeries and stores. They also sell their products directly to consumers using cycles and their own personnel. MARKETING MIX OF OMORE PRODUCT OMORE has differentiated and positioned its ice-cream on following dimensions: Conformance Quality: This is done by opening channels for getting feedback i. e. hrough website, help lines, social media like Face book which allows customers to complain and suggest about the product. Reliability: Omore claims to use pure ingredients, authentic flavors and best available technology which are verified by its consumers, which helps to gain reliability in Omore. Style: Style describes the product’s look and feel to the buyer. Omore has considered differentiating their ice-creams through improving their packaging or the style with a distinctive feeling about their product. Product name 1. Froze ice pops 2. Nutty caramel cones 3. Strawberry/Mango/vanilla affairs 4. Kulfi (Desi) 5. Lick a flavor 6. Froze cups 7. Buzz Packaging: High quality and eye catching packaging. Packaging color ranges from red, blue, yellow, orange, green and purple. PRICE To capture the market, market pricing strategy is based on â€Å"competition based pricing†. The price of its competitor (Walls) is more or less the same. Product line pricing comprises of: Froze (Rs. 5-10-12-15), Range of family packs (Rs. 150-120-180), Range of individual ice-cream (Rs. 10-15-20-30). List price: price varies differently depending upon- cups Rs. 20 cones. Rs. 30 ice pops. Rs. 10-30 soft serve ice cream Rs. 10-15 1 ltr ice cream Rs. 50 2ltr ice cream tub Rs. 275. PLACEMENT Omore ice cream is sold directly through retailers and distributors. Omore ice cream for the time being is only available in limited cities. But now it is expanding the base. Ice-cream is transported to retailers through private transportation firms e. g. Abu dawood and PTI. The ice cream is available at small, medium sized retailers, shopping mart, medical stores and other types of stores. PROMOTION Broadcasting media: Televisions, radio ads and internet ads. Print media: Vehicle advertising, outdoor billboard and point of sale display. Advertising are mostly colorful like their packs. MARKETING ENVIRONMENT Geographic: At the start, the only market served was Lahore. After a year they expanded their business and entered other cities as well. Omore covers Punjabi cities more strongly because they are near to their Sahiwal factory. Demographic: Omore has ice cream for almost all demographic segments. Takeaway packs and tubs for families, cones for teen agers, and cups and ice pops for children. Behavioral: Omore is planning to be among those ice creams which offer diet ice creams for those people who have diabetes problem or are diet conscious. It is a large untapped market segment which they are planning to tap soon. In this segment they chose occasional and benefit sought segmentation. COMPETITION With the aid of a table, points are given to each company out of 5. â€Å"1† being the lowest and â€Å"5† being the highest. | Omore| Walls| Igloo| Advertising (Electronic media)| 4| 5| 2| Advertising (Online)| 4| 4| 2| Advertising (off-line e. g. banners, posters, seminars)| 5| 4| 2| Variety of flavors| 3| 5| 3| Quality| 5| 5| 3| Quantity (according to price)| 4| 4| 4| Price| 4| 4| 5| Total points| 29| 31| 21| The table clearly shows that the major competition which OMORE is getting is just from one brand which is Walls, which is manufactured by Unilever. The other competitor, Igloo, used to be a major market player in the beginning of this industry but now the overall performance has declined very much. The competitive edge in marketing which OMORE possesses is off-line marketing in which the company has used a big variety of means to create a good brand image and to create a brand loyalty in customers. They have been organizing different forms of seminars in public places such as schools, resorts, hotels, beeches, restaurants, colleges, universities and shopping malls. Other means are mobile ice cream parlors (using a bus), Sponsoring events in Universities (ADWAR in IBA), organizing concerts, combined advertisings by joining the brand name (Ice age 4 and OMORE). CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING THE CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS OMORE ICE CREAM CULTURAL FACTORS Cultural shifts: People in Pakistan like â€Å"Desi† sweets dishes more, this entrenched societal characteristics helped marketers of Omore to come up with â€Å"DESI† oriented products like â€Å"KULFI† campaigning it as â€Å"DIL BOLE DESI†. Social class economic situation: considering the vast social classes bad economic condition, Omore has introduced 30 SKUs. These units help to fulfill needs of different classes. Family: members of the family often get together at rituals, celebrations, weekends in Pakistan. Omore has associated its brand with happiness joy that â€Å"enjoy the moments with sweet items such as family packs of Omore ice cream†. PERSONAL FACTORS Age Life-Cycle stage self concept: children, adults old people have different buying behavior. Colors, cartoons, sincerity are associated with child’s personality that’s why Omore has introduced the â€Å"Frooze† series of ice cream. Adult go for excitement and Omore’s â€Å"chocolate temptation† promises of classy, imaginative taste. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS Motivation: buying behavior varies from one person to other according to their motivation level because for underprivileged person, ice cream is the occasional treat while for privileged ones, Omore ice cream could be a source of fulfilling the esteem or social needs. Learning, Belief attitudes: with vast range of flavors classy taste, Omore ice cream hasn’t disappointed its first users consumers’ response has been tremendous so far. Omore has grabbed more than 26% total market share. Omore has also succeeded in changing attitudes of even brand loyal of Walls ‘product. TYPE OF BUYING DECISION BEHAVIOR Consumer of ice cream undertakes variety-seeking buying behavior because of low-involvement but significant perceived brand differences. There is significant difference found among price, flavors, product design, marketing strategy of two brands i. e. Omore Walls. Omore consumers wouldn’t do much evaluation before usage of any product often keep on looking for new different products for merely variety. BUYER DECISION PROCESS Need recognition: a consumer who eats creamy strawberry ice cream of Walls would be triggered by the ad of Strawberry Cheesecake ice cream of Omore with the flavor of Cheese because he likes cheese flavor. Information search: consumer may go for experiential sources to get the information in which he would use the product. Moreover, he can also get information from personal sources. This information could bring more products under consideration. Evaluation of alternatives: since there are two major ice cream brands in Pakistan, then consumer will compare the features of two products, such as price, flavor, quality etc and make the priority list. Consumer’s priority list could consist of quality, cheese flavor, accessibility. Purchase decision: consumer will make the purchase in keeping account of his priority list if Strawberry Cheesecake ice cream of Omore fulfills all consumers’ requirements, then he will buy it. Post purchase behavior: if the consumer’s expectation ice cream perceived performance match then consumer will be satisfied otherwise not. Consumer may compromise for some drawbacks of chosen products such as high price and this would push him towards the post purchase dissonance. Details of contact person: Filza Feroz Maniar Corporae Payable Officer Number#03333269847

The portrayal of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Essay Example

The portrayal of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Essay Example The portrayal of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Paper The portrayal of Shylock in The Merchant of Venice Paper Essay Topic: Merchant Of Venice Play This play is set in the city of Venice about the year 1596. Venice was the main trade center in all of Europe. They traded all sorts of cargo, like human cargo (slaves.), silks and spices. The law of Venice was extremely strict and if anyone disobeys the law they would be in deep trouble. Venice is full of mixed people, wealthy people, poor people, kind people, loyal people and unloyal people. Venices main religion is Christianity. The main Christian in this story is Antonio. Antonio is a merchant who loans people money without charging interest. Venice has also got Jews (or the Hebrews). The Jews came from a place called Israel. The powerful Romans ruled Israel. At first the Jews were allowed their religion but then the Romans tried to crush it. The main Jew in this story is a man called Shylock. Shylock also loans money but has to charge interest. Shylock A villain who deservers his fate? Shylock has a deep obsession with money. Shylock cares more about money than anything else in the world even more than his daughter. When his daughter ran away with a Christian it made him intensively mad. But what was more shocking to him was that she took lots of his money and his wifes precious turquoise. The turquoise is a valuable ring that he cared about a lot. When Shylock found out that his daughter had ran away he had very mixed feelings. This was because at the same time he found out another one of his archenemys (Antonio.) ships had gone down. But then he said, I would my daughter were dead at my foot, and the jewel in her ear. These two lines tells us and the audience how low he would sink for money. Shylock also hates the rich and the tremendously famous Antonio. The main reason he hates him is because Antonio will not charge interest on his loans, He lend out money gratis. He hates Antonio for doing this because it brings down rate of unsance here with us in Venice. This means that Shylock has to charge very little interest so he can stay in business, this hurts Shylocks pocket. Shylock tells the audience his true feelings about Antonio. He says I hate for he is a Christian. When this speech is being said Shakespeares audience would have flipped in anger. The audience might have thrown stuff and definitely booed . But if this play was show now-a-days the audience would still be angry but not as much as Shakespeares time. At times Shylock can be really mean and harsh. Like when he was asked to come and eat with the Christians he didnt take it at all nicely, he said I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you, walk with you and so following; But I will not eat with you, drink with you nor pray with you . I think this speech Shylock just said was totally unnecessary but after the way he has been treated its completely understandable. When he was about to leave to go to dinner he told Jessica not to look at what was happing at the dinner and lock up my door . He even said not to look at any Christians, nor thrust your head into public street, To gaze on a Christian fools with varnished faces . All these thing he says to Jessica is more bitterness towards to Christians. There Shylock is also not nice to his Christian servant Lancelot. He treats him like he has no self respect and only rarely dose he call him buy his real name he normally calls him fool . And Shylock said to Lancelot that he wasnt allowed to speak unless he said so, Who bids thee call? I did not bid thee call. I think and so would the audience that no matter how much you hate someone they at least should have the right to speak whenever they like. I dont actually think that Jessica really loves her father Shylock, because if she did she wouldnt have ran away from her father. And the thing is that she didnt just ran away with anyone she ran away with the kind of people that Shylock hates most, a Christian. She didnt even tell her father the truth and stuck up for the servant instead. When Shylock asked what Lancelot said to Jessica, Jessica replied, His words were farewell, mistress, nothing else . But what Lancelot had really said was, Mistress, look out at window for all this: There will come a Christian by will be wroth a Jewà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s eye . This is one of many speeches that the audience knows what is really happening and the actors dont. Shylock can also be a tremendously cunning and sly man. For example when the merchant Antonio came to ask Shylock for the 3,000 ducats Shylock at first wasnt sure. But then his brain clicked in and he found a cunning idea that will enable him to get his revenge that he has been waiting so long. He had tricked Antonio into signing the most dreadful bond in the entire world. If shylock didnt have his money back he would take 1lb Of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken . At a point like this the audience would be shocked at how a man like this came be so evil. He tricked Antonio into the bond be saying that he was being kind and that he was showing kindness . Shylock made Antonio think that paying a 1lb of his flesh is better than paying extra interest. He also made him think that there was no way that he couldnt afford to pay him back so there was no way that he would have to give a 1lb of his flesh. This is another one of Shakespeares amazing parts were the audience knows the truth about Shylocks true feelings and Antonio and Bassanio have no idea whats going on. This brings a sense of excitement to the audience, which would stop them from falling asleep, and would stop them from walking out of the place were the play is being shown. Shylock at times is a very cruel and vindictive man. Like when he hears the awful news that all of Antonios ships have gone down and that he would be able to have his 1lb of flesh, he was delighted. But then at the same time he had got some bad news. He found out that his daughter had ran away with a Christian and she had taken most of his money. But as soon as he heard the bad news he forgot about and started talking about how his bond came true. But soon it all got to his head and he became obsessive with how he is going to kill the Christian he hates most Antonio. When he gets to the court he comes prepared for everything. And he amazed the whole courtroom by bringing his own pair on scales and his own knife. This proved to everyone in the audience what a disgusting and evil man he really was. And to top of his evil ways, while the court case was in action Shylock was sitting on the floor sharpening his knife on his leather shoe. All pleads of mercy towards Shylock were turned down. Even after Portias humungous speech about mercy he still said no. In the speech she basically said that mercy is a blessing form god and if you show mercy you will receive mercy. It is an attribute to god himself . But Shylock still wanted to go through with the dreadful bond. When Portia (Balthazar) asked Shylock if they could at least Have by some surgeon, Shylock, on your charge, To stop his wounds, lest he do bleed to death . But Shylock was on a roll being so cruel and mean; all he said was Is it so nominated in the bond? . This answer that Shylock just gave is a big time villain answer. Bassanio offered money to Shylock to spare Antonios life but Shylock refused all the money that was offered and said If every ducat in six thousand Were in six parts, and every part a ducat, I would not draw them; I would have my bond . Then even Antonio gave up arguing with Shylock about sparing his life. He said it was like telling the tides not to rise and not to fall. You may as well go stand upon the beach And bid the main flood bate his usual height . Shylock is quite often not a very nice man. He hates every Christian that he comes across and even the ones that he doesnt know. Shylock is so heartless, vicious, nasty and cruel that he would go ahead and kill a man while he still alive, just because he comes from a different religion. Shylock a villain who deserves his fate? Shylock is treated terribly by the Christians is especially by the evil merchant Antonio. Antonio dished out lots of verbal abuse but he still went to Shylock, and asked for money. Antonio had called Shylock misbeliever, cut-throat dog . Antonio didnt just use verbal abuse he also did disgusting things like, spit upon my Jewish gaberdine . Antonio had also mocked Shylock when he was doing bad and when he was succeeding in life and work, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains . Another reason why the Christians hated Shylock is because he is a Jew. In the time when this play was set all the Christians hated Jewish people, and Jewish people hated Christians. In Shakespeares time the audience would have also hated shylock and would have agreed with all the insults the Antonio and his friends gave to Shylock. But the audience of the 21-century would have a totally different point of view. The insults that were most used against Shylock were, dog and devil . These words were used in the play to make the audience think the Shylock is an evil man and that he shouldnt be liked or trusted. All the abuse thats Shylock took made him madder and madder making him hate the Christians. He hated them so much that he wouldnt even let his daughter look at them. To gaze on Christians fools with varnished faces . When Antonio came to ask for the money Shylock first wasnt sure but then he found out that he could use it as a way of revenge. He said that if the money was not paid back pound of your fair flesh, to be cut off and taken . And this made Shylock turn into a mental man. When the court case had started everything had gone to shylocks head and he turned into a totally different man. And his desire for revenge became unnatural. Shylock is never shown mercy. At the court case Shylock was asked repeatively to show mercy. Then must the Jew be merciful . Portia also asked that if you be merciful then people shall be merciful to you. She also said that mercy is a blessing from God. It is an attribute to God himself, And earthly powers doth then show likest God . But when it was Shylock in trouble nobody showed even the slightest bit of mercy. It was even worse when first he was able to keep half of his wealth, which is quite merciful, but then the Christian Antonio blew the mercy thing by making Shylock turn into a Christian. He presently become a Christian . By saying this it canceled out any mercy that they might have shown. Turning Shylock into a Christian is the worst thing you can do and is defiantly not merciful. Shylock now has to turn against everything he believes and against everything hes taught. Especially Portia treated shylock terribly at the end of the court case. She the one saying to be merciful but then she turned into an evil monster. She had taken all his pride and said down, therefore, and beg mercy at the duke . Everything was taken away form Shylock and there was no way he could have been treated any worse then they did that day. My personal views. When I got asked the question is Shylock a victim or villain I thought that he is mainly a victim. He was a victim throughout over 2/3 of this play and he wasnt a villain a lot. When we first started reading the play I felt extremely sorry for Shylock. The Christian Antonio and his friend always took the mick and called him dog . When Antonio asked Shylock for 3,000 ducats, Shylock said to him Fair sir, you spat on me Wednesday last, You spurned me such a day, another time You called me dog: and for these courtesies Ill lend you thus much monies . I think that this speech is excellent I love the way that he put he words, which makes it down to the point while being sarcastic. What he says is, you called me dog, spat on me and for this I shall lend you money. Antonio had also called him misbeliever, cut-throat dog . When I first heard this speech I felt like killing Antonio, from all the info we had so far I got the impression that Shylock is capable of every day life until the evil Antonio suddenly pops up and ruins everything. I think that the punishment that was given to Shylock is way to harsh. The punishment is that half is wealth shall go to the city of Venice and the other half shall be his until he dies when it shall go to Jessica. But even worse is that Shylock has to become a Christian. I think that turning Shylock into a Christian is the most horrific thing you can do. Shylock will have to go Church, eat with Christian people and change his whole way of Jewish life. In the early scenes he told us how much he hated Christians and that he would never dine with Christians as long as he lived. So turning him into a Christian is making him turn against everything and everyone he ever loved and believed in.